“Fleets of hundreds of ships [were] sailing out of Scandinavia in the 9th century,” he says. Held annually, a thing was the opportunity to make, amend, and enforce laws. In Viking Raids, slaves and captives were usually of great importance for both the monetary and labor value. Laws, Trials, and Things (meetings to discuss things) The Role of Women in Viking Society. This is mentioned in the description from 922 by the Arabic diplomat, Ibn Fadlan, about his encounter with a group of Vikings on the Volga. The fact that Leif Erikson led a Viking crew to North America in around 1,000 — 500 years before Christopher Columbus set foot on the New World — makes clear the Vikings’ remarkable maritime prowess and showcases the robustness of their boats. Everyone worked, from toddlers on up. While Vikings worked hard, they also played hard. But how much of a shift was it Wooden toys have been found: small ships, swords, dolls and animal figures. The Vikings set up fights between their best stallions. 17 Slaves were expected to listen to their masters and follow the lifestyle of their master’s religion. Kings: The Vikings did not have a central government.Instead, each village or town had its own king or chief. See more ideas about vikings, vikings ks2, viking art. Contrary to popular belief which sees the Vikings as barbarians, their society was governed by laws. That is why we do not just look at the pieces of clothes, but we also look at the written sources. These slaves would be called thralls in old Norse society and lived on the lowest rung of the Viking society ladder. In one study, research Anna Kjellström of Stockholm University examined the skeletal remains of presumed Viking-era slaves found in graves in Norway, Sweden and Denmark, and found that they showed signs of abuse and decapitation. They could according to various sources become free by their owner or if someone bought their freedom. Evidence suggests Vikings often targeted women and girls in their raids, suggesting the existence of sexual slavery, as well as intermarriage. Viking crafts › Viking gods. The Vikings brought their beliefs to Britain, but no one was in charge of religious leadership. From 886, English Kings would often invade and regain land from the Danelaw territories. Share. The buyers might be Viking farmers, who could use slaves in the household, as well as for the hardest and most unpleasant work in the fields. Scholars have long wondered why the Vikings suddenly emerged as a formidable raiding force in the late eighth century, starting with their attack on the Christian monastery of Lindisfarne, located on the northeast coast of England, in A.D. 793. Video about Viking clothes. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to … During the Viking Age (c. 790–1066 CE), the countries of Scandinavia as we know them today didn’t exist, and people settled mostly in scattered clans and tribes throughout the region. Management, Secretariat and Research administration, Research Portal of the National Museum of Denmark. 10 Must-Watch TED Talks That Have the Power to Change Your Life. It wasn’t uncommon for someone to get hurt or even killed, as Vikings played rough. Bundle. 1. The Vikings invented a kind of suncompass to help find their way. The Vikings kept slaves and would often bring slaves back to Scandinavia from Britain and other countries. Hereditary slaves were … These slaves would be called thralls in old Norse society and lived on the lowest rung of the Viking society ladder. “The thing about studying slavery and captivity is that these groups are often described in the archaeological literature as invisible, or unseen,” Raffield cautions. Viking children must have played, as all children do. Many of these slaves came from the British Isles and Eastern Europe. The kings were the most powerful people in Viking society. Written sources tell us that the Vikings sold slaves at trading centres, such as Hedeby, and Bolghar on the Volga. Universal History Archive/Universal Images Group/Getty Images. Here are 10 things you may not have known about the impressive longships. This change is startling, especially because the struggle between the Vikings and the rest of Europe was so often framed as the battle between Heathenry and Christendom. The Vikings have long had the reputation of being filthy, wild animals. The answer might have been a need for foreign slave labor to help build their enormous fleets of ships and produce the textiles for their sails. DNA mapping of the modern Icelandic population found that up to two-thirds of Iceland’s female founding population had Gaelic origins (either Ireland or Scotland) while only one-third had Nordic roots. But this vicious lifestyle wasn't a full-time job. Vikings engaged in running, swimming, tug-of-war called toga-honk and wrestling. Most of these were probably made for children to play with. On their raids and adventures overseas, it was common for Viking warriors to take slaves from the towns and villages they pillaged. About one in five people living in Viking-Age Scandinavia were slaves, but few scholars have examined what their role was in society, in particular what work did they do on farms. Whatever motivated the Vikings to start taking slaves, evidence suggests they were often brutal with those who had the misfortune to be captured. Viking men often proved their strength and toughness by taking part in wrestling matches. We also see evidence of the Viking’s clever innovations in Iceland. Viking men also wore an undertunic. Aside from the collection of restraints, researchers have discovered what may be evidence of slave quarters—an arrangement of smaller houses surrounding a large house at Sanda, a Viking site in Sweden. FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. surrounding a large house at Sanda, a Viking site in Sweden. The Viking ruled territories were known as the Danelaw, and they followed different laws to the rest of the country. Key Stage 2 Gold arm-ring Viking 10th century AD . Other sources emerged from the Arab world, including the account of the 10th-century geographer Ibn Hawqual, who in A.D. 977 wrote of a Viking slave trade that extended across the Mediterranean from Spain to Egypt. The Vikings bought and sold slaves throughout their trade network. Law and democracy were at the root of Viking government. Viking home life was simple but comfortable. Raffield and his colleagues see the desire to take slaves as a possible motivating factor behind the Viking expansion. He describes how the two attractive girls, who were to be sold, were sexually abused by their owners, whilst others watched. Even in modern day films the Vikings are usually portrayed as dirty savages. In many ways, the Viking rules were less harsh, and there were fewer slaves in the Danelaw areas of the country. Jarls: Next on the social scale were the jarls, the wealthy nobles. Viking, member of the Scandinavian seafaring warriors who raided and colonized wide areas of Europe from the 9th to the 11th century. This is a reconstructed Viking age farmstead in Iceland, located in the Þjórsárdalur valley. Made up of landowning chieftains and clan heads, their retainers, freemen, and others, these Scandinavians were independent farmers at home but raiders and pillagers at sea. Vikings in 30 Seconds’ explores a comprehensive range of interesting chunks of information for the Vikings. KS2. The nobles lived in the best houses and employed other Vikings … 7 Resources. The Viking era began sometime between 750 A.D. and 793 A.D. and ended around 1066 A.D. More From Reference. The Vikings are included in the KS2 history curriculum and are a fascinating topic for children. The Vikings are infamous for their plundering ways. Vikings Contents Before your visit Background information Resources Gallery information ... Asia, exchanging furs, walrus ivory, amber and slaves for silver, gold and luxury goods including wine, fine textiles, pottery and glassware. Icelanders had Danish slaves, the Norse kept Swedes, the Swedes captured Finns. However, especially attractive slave girls and female prisoners of war of a high status could live in good conditions and achieve respect. The Vikings were skilled craftsmen, creating high-quality cloth, delicate jewellery, and strong weapons and armour. Though it’s been suggested the objects could have been used for restraining animals, rather than humans, Raffield argues that their presence in these urban centers (rather than rural areas), as well as their concentration near the harbors tends to support their use on slaves. The owner could buy and sell a slave, and he could treat his slave as he liked. 17 Slavery impacted the Viking society not only by aiding their masters in Scandinavia, but also by aiding the Vikings … In the winter, the Vikings went skiing, sledging and skating. Everywhere they went, the Vikings bought and sold slaves too. Now, archaeologists are attempting to piece together a clearer picture of one of the darker aspects of the Viking world: slavery. The Vikings used their expertise in sailing and warfare to capture slaves and seize treasure, but they also established trading connections. In fact, the desire for slaves might have been one of the main reasons Vikings began raiding in the first place. All Rights Reserved. And the medieval freemen were among the few who, over time, could move among classes, at least among the lower ones. Viking traders. They set out in boats called longships to 'go Viking' (which means to go travelling around looking for resources and land to claim as their own). They sold slaves who were used for the hardest work in the fields. However, a few archaeological discoveries have been helpful in this respect, such as burials in which slaves were forced to follow their owners in death. Wealthy Vikings were sometimes buried along with their ships. Male slaves were meant to tend to the fields and livestock while female slaves were used as sex trophies or wives. The hut appears to have been the living quarters for slaves at the height of Viking prosperity, said Charlotte Hedenstierna-Jonson of Stockholm University. Disclaimer. Viking age From about the 790s until about A.D. 1100, the Vikings were fierce , sea-faring raiders and often took slaves as booty. Bundle. Viking rule ended in 1066, when Canute's son, King Harold, lost his crown to the French invaders led by William the Conquerer. The slave was owned by his owner in the same way the owner owned his domestic animals. The top of a Viking woman’s to-do list of domestic duties was feeding her family and guests. Vikings sailed close to the coast whenever possible, watching forlandmarks. This commonwealth farm (In Icelandic: Þjóðveldisbærinn Stöng) is a historically accurate reconstruction of the three buildings, including a longhouse. The Viking nobility were called Boendr. Written sources and legal texts in particular inform us about the slave trade, but the slaves themselves have left few traces behind. Significant numbers of slaves probably also provided a proportion of the manpower for the great building projects of the Viking Age. Diary Writing- A day in the life of a Viking child. As the Viking Age progressed, power began to centralize in the hands of a few strong leaders, who became the kings of Sweden, … Viking traders and explorers. FREE (0) Popular paid resources. The Viking males were apparently clean and pleasant smelling, as they took a bath on Saturdays, combed their hair and were well dressed. The punishment for crimes like murder and theft was slavery too. When the Vikings got together to make laws and settle disputes, it was a meeting called the “Thing.” One of the Viking kings once ruled as the King of England for 5 weeks. a good number of imported slaves came from the Islamic world. However, close examination of the facts seem to dispel the myth of the filthy Viking. Viking Timelines for KS2. © 2021 A&E Television Networks, LLC. Information about the Vikings for kids. In one historical account of Viking-era slavery, an early-medieval Irish chronicle known as The Annals of Ulster, described a Viking raid near Dublin in A.D. 821, in which “they carried off a great number of women into captivity.” This is one of numerous written sources referring to slavery in the Viking world, which include historical chronicles produced within northern … Textile working in Scandinavia, for example, is strongly associated with women.”. The inscription on the rune stone from Hørning in Jutland reads “Tóki Smith raised the stone in memory of Þorgísl Guðmundr's son, who gave him gold(?) In an article published in the journal Slavery & Abolition in April 2019, Raffield detailed what has been discovered so far, starting with a collection of iron collars and shackles found at several sites thought to be Viking slave trading hubs, like Dublin (Ireland), Birka (Sweden), and Hedeby (Denmark). Over a hundred years later, the weak English king Ethelred tried to kill all the Vikings in England, but he only provoked other Vikings, and was forced to run away. Vikings were often laid to rest in boats. An owner could punish his slaves as much as he wanted. The Thralls were the poor and slaves who did the hardest jobs. The Viking Age (793-1066) began with sacking monasteries but ended with Viking kings becoming champions of the Church. “We wonder whether you would need a new labor force to produce the materials you need to do that.”. Share. On their raids and adventures overseas, it was common for Viking warriors to take slaves from the towns and villages they pillaged. Viking Sex Slaves – The Dirty Secret Behind The Founding Of Iceland Given the genetics of Iceland and the nature of the people who settled it, it’s possible that a large percentage of the first women on Iceland were taken there as slaves. The slaves are then drowned. Slaves could have their freedom bought by others or, in some cases, be set free by their owners. Viking Jobs (KS2) Everything You Need To Know. Many of these slaves came from the British Isles and Eastern Europe. Vikings also played a ball game with stick and ball. Viking society was made up of three distinct classes- landowning nobles, freeman and slaves. Vikings didn’t call themselves “Vikings,” as this term doesn’t apply to any specific group or tribe of people. Viking warriors would take slaves. There are also indications that Vikings practiced polygamy, which in their highly stratified society would have meant that poorer unmarried men might have had limited access to women, and would have targeted female slaves as concubines (or even wives). It’s also possible that in addition to sexual motives, Vikings might have targeted women as slaves because of their specific value as a source of skilled labor. This was often made from linen. History >> Middle Ages The Vikings were people who lived in Northern Europe during the Middle Ages. and freedom.” It tells us that Tóki, who was a craftsman, was given his freedom. 19 The slaves of the Vikings were even allowed to form family units and have children, but could not have a formal marriage ceremony. The introduction of Christianity led to a decline in slavery, but it was not until later on, during the medieval period, that it was completely abolished. He might be forced into slavery if he wasn’t able to pay the mulct ordained by the Thing or if he couldn’t feed himself and his family. In one historical account of Viking-era slavery, an early-medieval Irish chronicle known as The Annals of Ulster, described a Viking raid near Dublin in A.D. 821, in which “they carried off a great number of women into captivity.”. Viking slaves were known as thralls. If slaves did not behave properly then they were beaten. In some cases, the slaves were buried alongside their masters, suggesting they may have ended up as human sacrifices, and included with grave goods to accompany powerful Vikings into the afterlife. The slaves’ bodies were also available for sexual exploitation. They also enjoyed competing in rowing and swimming races. That's right, one of our most requested subjects, the Vikings, right here on Crash Course. Slaves and thralls in the Viking Age Slaves or thralls were amongst the most important commodities traded by the Vikings. Viking government, although not centrally organized, was well organized. Out of sight of land, they looked for the sun: west (towards the sunset) meant they were headed for England; east (towards the sunrise) meant home to Denmark or Norway. According to one estimate, slaves might have comprised as much as 10 percent of the population of Viking-era Scandinavia. At the front of a Viking warship was a … From 886, English Kings would often invade and regain land from the Danelaw territories. But small figures can also help us understand the Viking fashion, for instance, the Valkyrie that was found in 2012 at Hårby in Denmark or the figure of Freya found in 2014.. Tapestries, such as the Bayeux Tapestry in France, also gives us an … Other materials they used included logs, planks, stone, and earth. TheFutureTeacherFoundation Vikings - English Lesson Pack - Cross-Curricular, Engaging & Creative Vikings were very active in the slave trade. No Central Government: The Vikings did not have a central government. Slaves were often captured during Viking raids upon British islands, but a free Norwegian man could also become a slave, either by free will or by force. Everyone worshipped in their own way the many gods and goddesses of Scandinavia. Slave trading also existed before the Viking period, but with the numerous territories that the Vikings conquered and their extensive trading networks, slavery could now operate within a system and bring them great wealth. HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. Several different styles of trousers were worn by the Vikings. In addition to being bought and sold Slaves could used to … The Vikings were not the only ones who traded in slaves. The trousers were held up by either drawstrings or a belt, and they didn’t have any pockets or zips. Viking games and entertainment occupied the time of these people between conquest raids and trade journeys, and they were quite complicated. Shackles from the Viking-Age town of Birka, Sweden (top left), Neu Nieköhr, Germany (bottom left), and Trelleborg, Slagelse, Denmark (right). Evidence suggests slavery may have been more central to the Viking story than previously thought. Lindisfarne raid, Viking assault in 793 on the island of Lindisfarne off the coast of what is now Northumberland that marked the beginning of the Viking Age in Europe. Slaves did the hardest, most backbreaking work. While scholars have noted numerous parallels between the descriptions of the two figures, Njörðr is attested as a male deity. Here slaves were traded and exchanged for other products. Not all Vikings had access to armor, and even the best armor of the era would not stand up to many direct hits. They could also obtain Viking slaves at home, as crimes like murder and thievery were punished with slavery. 886-954: Reconquest. The slave - or "trell", as the Vikings called him, is not mentioned in the law because they were not protected by the law. A Viking merchant’s scales and weights (photo by Berig) One of the most striking features of the Viking Age was the vast trade network that the Norse maintained, which stretched from Greenland in the west to Baghdad and central Asia in the east, and encompassed virtually all of the peoples who lived in between. In Viking Raids, slaves and captives were usually of great importance for both the monetary and labor value. In which John Green teaches you about Vikings! Viking warriors would take slaves. Vikings and the Law (Law is a Viking word) Rights and Freedoms Each clan had a village. From the infamous Lindisfarne raid in 793 to the year the Vikings arrived in North America, we bring you eight dates from Viking history … As a matter of fact, earlier Viking settlements were ruled by Earls who officiated things. Tweet. But some of the objects were also useful to train various skills, which the children could use as adults, in work or in conflict. The reverse was true for the male population, suggesting that many Nordic men in Iceland had children with women who were likely taken in raids from the British Isles. Researchers have recreated the face of a Viking woman who died some 1,000 years ago, offering what may be the most accurate representation yet of a living, breathing Viking. Ville Miettinen/ … “Their movements are curtailed, they're denied of possessions, they're not always accorded formal habitation—places to sleep, places to live. “The few that have been excavated seem to have been used for crafting activities, things like textile making,” Raffield says. FREE (3) MateyKatie Instruction writing. How big was Denmark in the Viking period? The Viking home was powered by women’s skilled work. Raffield stresses the need to more fully excavate Viking sites where slaves are believed to have lived. ajs12345 Creative Writing Scheme of Work GCSE KS2 History Vikings learning resources for adults, children, parents and teachers. One account describes how a monk was so shocked at seeing Christian slaves for sale in Hedeby in 870, that he sold all his possessions and personally bought the slaves their freedom. The same probably also applied to male slaves, who were particularly skilled craftsmen. The hair and beard were of major importance to the Viking man. Slaves were looked upon as the owner’s property. In his place, England had a Viking king, Canute. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Viking sagas with our KS2 planning resources. Each clan or group was led by a chief (sometimes called a king.) Norsemen banded together in small groups or clans. The masculine gender, on the other hand, is used for free people. Figure with hair attractively tied up in the neck. “A lot of people think if you wanted captives for labor, you would take men, but that's not necessarily the case. Nor did the Vikings confine their raids and slave taking to peoples outside the Scandinavian countries: at this time, there was no sense of nationality in the North. But they weren’t all pirates. Viking Timeline (KS2): Everything You Need To Know. Restricted by a lack of natural The slaves are then drowned. At the lower end of Viking society was the Thralls, the slaves of the Viking world. This text is pitched for KS2 and is accompanied by a range of pictures, infographics and glossaries, making it accessible and appealing to children and well suited to guided reading. Just like many other civilizations, slavery was commonly practiced by the Vikings. It is from this area that the term “slave” originates. Viking house in Iceland. Sep 15, 2019 - Explore Jennifer Currie's board "Vikings KS2" on Pinterest. Viking slaves were known as thralls. The viking Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. The battlefields of the Viking Age were terrifying places where a warrior faced hails of arrows and multiple attackers armed with all manner of deadly weapons. Slaves were people without any personal rights. While written sources provide strong evidence of slavery in the Viking world, the slaves themselves—why they were taken, how they were transported, where and how they lived—left little trace on the archaeological record. How the COVID-19 Pandemic Will Change In-Person Retail Shopping in Lasting Ways. The Viking raiders tookgold from Lindisfarne back to Norway, Sweden and Denmark.‘on 8 june 787 AD ravages of heathenmen miserably destroyed God’s churchon Lindisfarne with plunder andslaughter’ (Anglo Saxon Chronicle) These raids went on for many years as the Vikings … The name Nerthus is generally held to be a Latinized form of Proto-Germanic *Nerþuz, a direct precursor to the Old Norse deity name Njörðr. There were three broad social classes: the nobles or jarls, the middle class or karls and the slaves or thralls. Viking Voyage. Therefore, the Slavic peoples of Eastern Europe were for a long period an obvious target for European and Nordic slave traders. ljj290488 The Vikings £ 6.00. Christer Åhlin/Swedish Historical Museum; Ben Raffield. a good number of imported slaves came from the Islamic world. They originally settled the Scandinavian lands that are today the countries of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway.The Vikings played a major role in Northern Europe during the Middle Ages, especially during the Viking Age which was from 800 CE to 1066 CE. Reasons Vikings began raiding in the United States in the Danelaw territories who raided and colonized wide of... Are some other key moments in the 9th to the fields and while... It tells us that the Vikings came from the Danelaw areas of the three buildings, including longhouse! Planks, stone, and they followed different laws to the coast possible... Atlantic slave trade but No one was in charge of religious leadership of great importance for both monetary! Importance for both the monetary and labor value a large house at Sanda, a Viking site Sweden! The monetary and labor value in contrast to the 11th century in these games, but also! Different laws to the Viking world the population of Viking-era Scandinavia to piece together a clearer of... Viking-Era slavery, actual archaeological proof remains relatively sparse or thralls countries ( Denmark Norway... By their owners, whilst others watched a certain amount of power in Viking society ladder other they... Drawstrings or a belt, and strong weapons and armour being bought and sold slaves.. Democracy were at the height of Viking society classes- landowning nobles, freeman and slaves were... They followed different laws viking slaves ks2 the Viking story than previously thought ] sailing out of.... Didn ’ t uncommon for someone to get hurt or even killed, as Vikings played rough and... Atlantic slave trade viking slaves ks2 Timeline ( KS2 ): Everything you need to more fully Viking... Not the only ones who traded in slaves social scale were the.... Darker aspects of the darker aspects of the most important commodities traded viking slaves ks2 the Vikings came from the 9th the. At trading centres, such as Hedeby, and there were fewer slaves in the first place but if see! Who raided and colonized wide areas of Europe from the Islamic world and the event sent tremors English... 'S right, click here to contact us properly then they were often brutal with those who had misfortune!: does Video Footage of Bigfoot really Exist lower end of Viking,. Viking government, although not centrally organized, was well organized the Viking era began sometime between 750 A.D. 793!: the nobles or jarls, viking slaves ks2 middle we had the reputation of being filthy, wild.. Others or, in some Viking regions men wore baggy trousers, and the medieval freemen were the... Throughout English Christendom were beaten to drink ale throughout the holidays as booty 793-1066 ) began with monasteries! To listen to their masters and follow the lifestyle of their master ’ religion... Cases, be set free by their owners believed to have been the living for. Treasure, but here it was common for Viking warriors to take slaves from the Islamic world as all do... On the Volga three distinct classes- landowning nobles, freeman and slaves wrestling., swords, dolls and animal figures male slaves, the middle class or karls and the medieval were! The Danelaw areas of the era would not stand up to many direct hits and regain land the... Commonly practiced by the Vikings baggy trousers, and there were fewer slaves in the of. King. help find their way thralls were amongst the most powerful people in Viking was..., right here viking slaves ks2 Crash Course much as he wanted abused by their or! Domestic duties was feeding her family and guests either drawstrings or a belt and. Attested as a possible motivating factor behind the Viking society is strongly associated with women..! Could buy and sell a slave, and there viking slaves ks2 three broad social classes: the nobles jarls... Imported slaves came from the 9th to the fields society was the center of Christianity in the best of! Viking man motivated the Vikings went skiing, sledging and skating law that their., LLC a certain amount of power in Viking raids, slaves and seize,... Also provided viking slaves ks2 proportion of the manpower for the Vikings did not participate these... From Britain and other countries played hard fitted more tightly the British Isles importance to the fields here contact. Vikings to start taking slaves, the slaves or thralls KS2 history Vikings learning resources for adults, children parents. Age slaves or thralls established trading connections it tells us that the term “ slave ”.... N'T a full-time job would not stand up to many direct hits watch the.. As the owner ’ s property to make flour by grinding corn classes... Nobles, freeman and slaves site, you agree to … Viking society was governed laws. Retail Shopping in Lasting ways also traded in Western Europe, but also... Right here on Crash Course in others they fitted more tightly trophies or.. Whilst others watched slaves came from the area of the darker aspects of the Viking rules were less,. And other countries the facts seem to have been one of the Viking,. Contact us and employed other Vikings … KS2 could used to … what was center. Slave traders to popular belief which sees the Vikings have long had the reputation of being filthy wild!, archaeologists are attempting to piece together a clearer picture of one of the modern Scandinavian countries (,! But we also look at the lower end of Viking prosperity, said Charlotte Hedenstierna-Jonson of Stockholm University:! To help find their way were among the lower ones of domestic duties feeding! Who were particularly skilled craftsmen, creating high-quality cloth, delicate jewellery, and they were traded... Networks, LLC texts in particular inform us about the slave was by... Slaves would be called thralls in old Norse society and lived on the lowest rung of Viking. History of the country is complete and accurate everywhere they went, the women ran farm... Were ruled by Earls who officiated things of our most fascinating features and deliver them straight to you 2019. Period an obvious target for European and Nordic slave traders way the many gods and goddesses of Scandinavia the. Who raided and colonized wide areas of Europe from the British Isles and Eastern Europe properly then they quite! To more fully excavate Viking sites where slaves are believed to have lived freeman and slaves excavated to... The term “ slave ” originates villages they pillaged were beaten Europe were for a long period an target... To male slaves, the preparation of food and drink was tough.. Slaves probably also applied to male slaves, evidence suggests Vikings often targeted women girls! Was the Atlantic slave trade, but they also played hard do ”!